Which factor is most frequently linked with the development of social-emotional disorders in children?

• A. Chronic physical illnesses
• B. Pressure to conform with peer-group expectations
• C. Traumatic brain injury
• D. Abuse and/or neglect by caregivers

Answer: (D)

The development of social-emotional disorders in children is most frequently linked to abuse and/or neglect by caregivers. This is primarily because a child's early environment plays a crucial role in their emotional and social development. When children experience abuse or neglect, they are often deprived of secure attachments, nurturing interactions, and positive role models. This lack of a stable and safe environment can lead to feelings of insecurity, low self-esteem, and difficulty in forming healthy relationships with others.

Abuse and neglect can disrupt the natural processes of emotional regulation and social interaction, making it challenging for these children to develop the skills necessary for successful social functioning and emotional health. As a result, they may struggle with behavioral issues, anxiety, depression, and other emotional difficulties as they grow.

While chronic physical illnesses, pressure to conform with peer-group expectations, and traumatic brain injury can also influence a child's emotional and social development, they are not as consistently linked to the emergence of social-emotional disorders as the profound effects of abuse and neglect.