What type of behavior modification does shaping refer to?

• A. Immediate changes to behavior
• B. Gradual manipulation of behavior through consistent stimuli
• C. Random reinforcement of behaviors
• D. Short-term behavior adjustments

Answer: (B)

Shaping is a behavioral technique focused on gradually modifying behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior. This process involves breaking down complex behaviors into smaller, achievable steps and providing reinforcement as the individual moves closer to the desired behavior.

The key aspect of shaping is its emphasis on gradual manipulation, where consistent reinforcements are used to encourage progress over time. For instance, if a child is learning to speak, the initial reinforcement might come from cooing sounds, then to babble, and eventually to full words, reinforcing each step along the way.

This approach contrasts with immediate changes to behavior, which do not involve the same level of gradual development. Random reinforcement does not provide the structured guidance necessary for shaping behaviors. Short-term adjustments also do not align with shaping, as this method seeks to establish more permanent behavior changes through step-by-step progression. Thus, shaping is best understood as a gradual process using consistent stimuli to build upon and achieve a specific behavior.